Jealousy. See v. 16.
Not God. Or, “a no-god.” The idols they worshiped represented gods that did not exist. There were no gods working in and through the idols.
Not a people. Literally, “a no-people.”
A foolish nation. A further description of the “no-people” in the preceding sentence.
Many Jewish commentators refer this to the first destruction of the Temple by the Chaldeans, quoting: “Behold the land of the Chaldeans; this people was not” (Isa. 23:13; cf. Hab. 1:5, 6). The commentators maintain that the Chaldeans had no national status of any moment until God raised them up to punish Israel. But this argument is historically invalid. The apostle Paul applies Deut. 32:21 to the taking of the gospel to the Gentiles, upon the refusal of the Jewish nation to accept the Messiah (see Rom. 10:19; cf. 1 Thess. 2:15, 16). See also the words of Christ in Matt. 21:43, 44.