Ephesians 2:1

Quickened. This word is supplied. The Greek does not introduce the verb until v. 5. But the construction is difficult to follow unless the verb is introduced earlier. For a discussion of “quickened” see on v. 5.

Dead. Man is suffering from more than social maladjustment or annoying complexes — he is in a state of spiritual death. The state of the unregenerate has a close analogy to physical death. In the latter there is lacking the living principle that is essential to growth and energy, and this is precisely the condition of the spiritually dead (Eph. 5:14; John 6:53; 1 John 3:14; 5:12; Rev. 3:1).

Trespasses and sins. Literally, “the trespasses and the sins.” The force of the articles becomes clear when the following clause is added without punctuation, “in which ...” The two terms are probably used cumulatively to stress the various aspects of sin.