Shall the axe? Assyria was an instrument in the hands of the Lord, but she was boasting as if she were mightier than God. Little did the kings of Assyria know of Jehovah, who sat on the throne of the universe and guided the affairs of earth, setting up and taking down those whom He would (see Dan. 5:19). No earthly monarch can accomplish anything without the permission of God, and no nation can continue to exist in opposition to the divine will. Like all the other nations of earth, Assyria was as a mere “drop of a bucket” and as the “small dust of the balance” before the might of God (Isa. 40:15). Assyria needed to learn that the hand of God “is stretched out upon all the nations,” and that His hand can never be turned back by man (ch. 14:26, 27).
Shake itself. Literally, “make itself great.”
Them that lift it up. Literally, “Him who lifts it up,” that is, God.