The dead. This obviously refers to those raised in the second resurrection (see on vs. 5, 7).
Small and great. Station in life has no weight in this meeting with God. Many of high position in the world escaped, while alive, the fitting reward for their evil deeds. In this final accounting with God there will be no evasion of full justice.
Before God. Textual evidence attests (cf. p. 10) the reading “before the throne” (see on v. 11).
The books. Literally, “books.” The Greek has no definite article. These are the books containing the record of the lives of men. No sentence passed upon any wicked person will be arbitrary, biased, or unfair. For a classification of these books see on Dan. 7:10.
Another book. That is, “one more book.”
Book of life. See on Phil. 4:3; cf. on Luke 10:20.
According to their works. See on Rom. 2:6. The evidence that stands open for all to see and evaluate.