Romans 1:30

Backbiters. That is, slanderers.

Haters of God. Gr. theostugeis, which may also be rendered “hateful to God.” In classical Greek this word usually occurs in the passive sense, “hated by God.” However, many interpreters regard the active sense, “hating God,” more appropriate in this list of sins.

Despiteful. That is, insolent. Paul uses the term to describe his own behavior prior to his conversion (1 Tim. 1:13, translated “injurious”).

Proud. Gr. huperephanoi, “showing oneself above others,” “arrogant,” “haughty.”

Boasters. Gr. alazones, “braggarts,” “snobbish persons.”

Inventors of evil things. That is, inventors of new forms of vice and self-indulgence, of which Nero was an example (see pp. 81-84; DA 37).

Disobedient to parents. That this sin should be included in the list shows the light in which Paul regarded disobedience to parents (cf. Mal. 4:6; Luke 1:17).