Ruler against ruler. There is evidence that not long after Jeremiah’s time, from the death of Nebuchadrezzar onward, there was considerable unrest, both internal and external, before the fall of the Babylonian Empire. Verse 46 reflects the state of fearful anticipation that must have been felt by many of the Babylonians as they saw their own government torn by strife at a time when a vigorous new power was arising to world leadership and domination (see Vol. Ill, pp. 46-49). Throughout history it has been the common people who have suffered most severely from the intrigues and wars of evil rulers. God’s people are encouraged neither to faint nor fear in the face of such calamities.